The Earth is experiencing rising temperatures, endangering both living beings and ecosystems. Disparities in social and economic conditions, both between and within nations, persist at alarming levels. The term “sustainability” has emerged as a potential remedy: by transforming our systems to be more sustainable, we can reduce carbon emissions and resource consumption while fostering equitable societies.
But what does sustainability truly encompass, and what strides have we made toward achieving it?
Examining Sustainability
The concept of sustainability was articulated by the United Nations Brundtland Commission in 1987 as “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs,” a definition that remains significant today.
According to Beatrice Olivastri, CEO of Friends of the Earth Canada, “Sustainability signifies that we must not diminish the future generations’ ability to enjoy the quality of life that we currently have,” emphasizing the importance of intergenerational equity.
While the term has recently gained traction, the underlying philosophy has been held by Indigenous communities for centuries, centered on nurturing the environment for the benefit of the next seven generations.
Environmental Sustainability
Environmental sustainability aims to conserve and protect natural resources—such as clean air, water, forests, and biodiversity—ensuring their availability for future generations.
Much of the discussion around sustainability often centers on this aspect, focusing on transitions toward renewable energy and waste reduction.
Olivastri asserts that the health of ecosystems is vital to sustainability, as the wellbeing of human societies and economies depends on it.
Interconnectedness of Environment and Economy
Economic sustainability is about facilitating economic growth while using resources efficiently and responsibly. The manner in which we manage resource flows significantly influences environmental health.
Currently, economies primarily operate on a linear model characterized by a “take-make-use-dispose” approach, creating a direct path from production to waste.
In some instances, there is a movement toward recycling economies, allowing products to be downcycled until they can no longer be used. For instance, cardboard can be recycled into new products up to 20 times before its fibers degrade.
Yet, current recycling efforts fall short: a 2019 report found that only 9% of the 3.3 million tons of plastic discarded by Canadians each year is recycled.
To truly achieve economic sustainability, a shift towards a circular economy is crucial, where products and resources are maintained in use without losing their value, rather than simply being recycled down to waste.
Presently, only 7.2% of the global economy operates sustainably in a circular manner, indicating significant room for improvement.
Social Sustainability
While environmental components are often highlighted in discussions of sustainability, the social aspect is equally indispensable. Social sustainability involves fostering a world where everyone can fulfill their social, cultural, and spiritual needs while enjoying a high quality of life.
This includes ensuring equitable transitions towards environmentally sustainable practices. For example, farmers moving away from industrial food production should be provided with opportunities to acquire new skills or explore alternative career options.
The Importance of Environmental Justice
A significant aspect of social sustainability is environmental justice, which addresses the disproportionate impact of climate change and pollution on vulnerable communities. The Canadian government is currently developing a strategy aimed at advancing environmental justice for low-income, racialized, and Indigenous populations—groups more adversely affected by harmful industrial practices and climate change effects.
Olivastri highlights the case of a plastic manufacturing facility in Southwestern Ontario that was recently shut down due to government actions aimed at reducing emissions of a toxic chemical harming the local Aamjiwnaang First Nation’s health.
Striving for a Sustainable Future
While personal responsibility in fostering sustainability is crucial, governments and corporations wield considerable influence.
Government Actions and Commitments
In 2015, Canada pledged to fulfill the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ratified by the United Nations, which must be met by 2030 and encompass aspects of environmental, economic, and social sustainability—such as promoting gender equality and conserving biodiversity.
While Canada has made some headway in achieving various SDGs, considerable challenges remain, particularly regarding ongoing inequalities affecting Indigenous and racialized communities, working-age individuals, single-parent families led by women, and persons with disabilities. The rise in emissions from oil and gas ventures also hampers Canada’s ability to meet climate goals.
The Power of Corporations
A recent analysis revealed that 80% of global carbon dioxide emissions between 2016 and 2022 originated from just 57 corporations and state-controlled entities.
This concentration of power means corporations play a pivotal role in sustainability efforts. Many allocate substantial resources to lobby governments, attempting to maintain practices harmful to both the environment and society; a new report indicates that in 2023, oil and gas lobbyists averaged nearly five meetings every day with Canadian officials.
This reality frustrates Olivastri, who sees sustainability initiatives as too often co-opted by corporate agendas.
Empowering Individuals
Although systemic shifts are crucial, individuals also possess significant power. Olivastri encourages engaging with local sustainability efforts whenever possible.
“Whether it’s addressing plastic waste or evaluating the establishment of a new polluting business, these are moments when we should present ourselves to participate,” she remarks.
Navigating corporate claims around sustainability can be complicated, as many companies resort to “greenwashing” to embellish their environmental credentials.
When encountering ambiguous marketing phrases suggesting that a product is environmentally friendly, Olivastri advises a critical assessment: “Always ask yourself: on what evidence is this assertion based? Can they substantiate this claim? Can I verify it?”
In this context, Olivastri suggests adopting a mindset of a citizen, one who carries both rights and responsibilities concerning the environment, rather than just perceiving oneself as a consumer.
While striving for sustainable living is essential, it should not overshadow the crucial changes needed from governmental and corporate entities. If you can speak up or make informed voting choices, these are invaluable ways to hold those in power accountable.
This article first appeared in the April 2025 edition of up7op magazine.
