By Sandra Gordon
Alzheimer’s is the most prevalent type of dementia, characterized by a decline in cognitive functions. This condition arises when abnormal protein deposits known as “plaques” and “tangles” accumulate between and inside the neurons in the brain. These plaques and tangles obstruct the brain’s circuitry and deprive brain tissue of vital blood and oxygen, leading to the death of nerve cells. As the disease progresses, individuals with Alzheimer’s gradually lose their ability to learn, think, plan, communicate, and remember. The likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s increases with age, with 5.7 million Americans affected, the majority of whom are seniors over 65. Though common, it is not regarded as a typical part of the aging process.
“We’re on the verge of significantly advancing our understanding of this disease. If all goes well, we could see a treatment for Alzheimer’s that substantially slows its progression within the next three to four years,” states Maria C. Carillo, Ph.D., chief science officer at the Alzheimer’s Association.
What are the key signs?
- Memory changes, particularly related to new information. Unlike typical forgetfulness like misplacing your keys, Alzheimer’s might manifest as major errors, such as forgetting introductions to people you’ve just met.
- Disorientation or confusion in everyday situations, like getting lost in familiar areas.
- Difficulties with language. Individuals may struggle to recall common words or organize their thoughts clearly, which can significantly impact work and social interactions.
How is Alzheimer’s diagnosed?
The plaques and tangles associated with Alzheimer’s are too minuscule to be seen through CT scans or MRIs. However, an experienced neurologist can often diagnose Alzheimer’s with a 90 percent accuracy rate through a physical and neurological examination. A definitive diagnosis can be made posthumously through an autopsy.
Can you prevent it?
While the passage of time cannot be halted—given that age is the primary risk factor for Alzheimer’s—and genetics also play a role, there are steps you can take to potentially lower your risk:
- Adopting a “heart-healthy” diet that limits animal fats and cholesterol while being abundant in fruits, vegetables, and plant oils. A healthy heart supports good blood flow and nutrient delivery to the brain, which is essential for proper function. This type of diet may help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which can contribute to the development of Alzheimer’s. Research has also looked into the effects of fish consumption and omega-3 fatty acids on Alzheimer’s, though findings have been varied. Conversely, moderate consumption of alcohol, especially wine, may correlate with a reduced risk of Alzheimer’s.
- Engaging in regular physical exercise. Research suggests that moderate daily activities like brisk walking may help prevent the formation of plaques and tangles.
- Maintaining social connections and keeping the mind active as you age. Learning new skills or information can stimulate the hippocampus, a brain region significantly affected by Alzheimer’s.
“We’re on the verge of significantly advancing our understanding of this disease. If all goes well, we could see a treatment for Alzheimer’s that substantially slows its progression within the next three to four years.”
Is there a treatment?
While there is no cure for Alzheimer’s, the FDA has authorized five prescription medications for symptom management—cholinesterase inhibitors: donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Razadyne), and rivastigmine (Exelon), which raise acetylcholine levels in the brain, a chemical essential for memory and cognitive processes, and memantine (Namenda) to enhance memory, focus, reasoning, and the capacity for simple tasks. Additionally, Namzaric is a combination of donepezil and memantine approved for individuals with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s. These treatments can provide patients valuable time to organize estate and family planning decisions while they are still able to do so cognitively. New drugs aimed at treating the disease itself, rather than just alleviating symptoms, are on the way. Typically, individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer’s live for an average of eight years, although some may survive for up to 20 years following their diagnosis.
For further information, visit the Alzheimer’s Association at www.alz.org.
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